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可見性

方法預設為公開:編譯器總是允許您調用它們。因此沒有 public 關鍵字。

方法可以被標記為 privateprotected

私有方法

private 方法只能在沒有接收器的情況下調用,也就是說,在點之前沒有任何東西。唯一的例外是使用 self 作為接收器。

class Person
  private def say(message)
    puts message
  end

  def say_hello
    say "hello"      # OK, no receiver
    self.say "hello" # OK, self is a receiver, but it's allowed.

    other = Person.new
    other.say "hello" # Error, other is a receiver
  end
end

請注意,子類別可見 private 方法。

class Employee < Person
  def say_bye
    say "bye" # OK
  end
end

私有型別

私有型別只能在定義它們的命名空間內被引用,且永遠不能使用完整名稱。

class Foo
  private class Bar
  end

  Bar      # OK
  Foo::Bar # Error
end

Foo::Bar # Error

private 可以與 classmodulelibenumalias 和常數一起使用。

class Foo
  private ONE = 1

  ONE # => 1
end

Foo::ONE # Error

受保護方法

protected 方法只能在以下情況下調用:

  1. 與當前型別相同型別的實例
  2. 與當前型別相同命名空間(類別、結構、模組等)的實例
# Example of 1

class Person
  protected def say(message)
    puts message
  end

  def say_hello
    say "hello"      # OK, implicit self is a Person
    self.say "hello" # OK, self is a Person

    other = Person.new "Other"
    other.say "hello" # OK, other is a Person
  end
end

class Animal
  def make_a_person_talk
    person = Person.new
    person.say "hello" # Error: person is a Person but current type is an Animal
  end
end

one_more = Person.new "One more"
one_more.say "hello" # Error: one_more is a Person but current type is the Program

# Example of 2

module Namespace
  class Foo
    protected def foo
      puts "Hello"
    end
  end

  class Bar
    def bar
      # Works, because Foo and Bar are under Namespace
      Foo.new.foo
    end
  end
end

Namespace::Bar.new.bar

protected 方法只能從其類別或其後代的範圍內調用。這包括類別範圍以及定義受保護方法的相同型別的類別方法和實例方法的主體,以及包含或繼承該型別的所有型別以及該命名空間中的所有型別。

class Parent
  protected def self.protected_method
  end

  Parent.protected_method # OK

  def instance_method
    Parent.protected_method # OK
  end

  def self.class_method
    Parent.protected_method # OK
  end
end

class Child < Parent
  Parent.protected_method # OK

  def instance_method
    Parent.protected_method # OK
  end

  def self.class_method
    Parent.protected_method # OK
  end
end

class Parent::Sub
  Parent.protected_method # OK

  def instance_method
    Parent.protected_method # OK
  end

  def self.class_method
    Parent.protected_method # OK
  end
end

私有頂層方法

private 頂層方法僅在當前檔案中可見。

one.cr
private def greet
  puts "Hello"
end

greet # => "Hello"
two.cr
require "./one"

greet # undefined local variable or method 'greet'

這允許您在檔案中定義僅在該檔案中已知的輔助方法。

私有頂層型別

private 頂層型別僅在當前檔案中可見。

one.cr
private class Greeter
  def self.greet
    "Hello"
  end
end

Greeter.greet # => "Hello"
two.cr
require "./one"

Greeter.greet # undefined constant 'Greeter'